Describe How DNA Has Enhanced Law Enforcement

DNA has emerged as a remarkable crime fighting tool. DNA has the potential to be the best crime solving tool of the 21st century. DNA has been very critical in solving some of the nations most serious crimes. DNA analysis is a very powerful tool, because each persons DNA is unique in most cases. DNA evidence collected from a crime scene can implicate or eliminate a suspect. It can also analyze unidentified remains through comparisons with DNA from someone’s relative. Previously, unsolvable cases, more often homicides and sexual assaults, can contain DNA evidence that will help identify the criminal, even though the victim can’t.When evidence from one crime scene is compared through the federal DNA database with evidence from another crime scene those crimes can be linked to the same person locally, statewide, and nationally. Also, plants and animals hold DNA, as well. Newer DNA analysis techniques can yield results from biological evidence that’s invisible to an officer. DNA analysis methods also can be able to help in the identification of missing persons. DNA can be obtained from severely degraded samples, as well.This has enhanced law enforcement tremendously. Without DNA evidence, most people would never be convicted (DNAs Link to Corrections, n. . ). DNA will continue to advance. Some anticipated advances are broader implementation of the CODIS database, increased automated lab procedures, use of computerized analysis, portable devices capable of DNA analysis and remote links to databases and other criminal justice information services (DNA Evidence,n. d. ). Reference DNA Evidence: What Law Enforcement Should Know. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 12, 2012 From: http://www. ncjrs. gov/pdffiles/jr000249c. pdj. DNA’s Link to Corretcions. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 12, 2012 from: http://www. crimescene- Investigations. net/NIJ-DNALinkCorretcion. pdf.

Prenatal and Postpartum Scenario Essay

The following is a daily activity list for the 6 month developmental pregnancy timeline, this consist of three activities if done daily can have a positive effect on your pregnancy and your infant’s future development. What a baby looks like and how it acts, to an extent are determined by nature or heredity. But nurture or a child’s environment all play a role in whom they will become. There are many activities a pregnant mom can do to influence her baby’s environment in a positive manner. Daily exercise throughout the duration of a normal uncomplicated pregnancy can prepare your body for the physical demands of labor, and help to reduce infant stress levels during delivery. According to Strength and Conditioning Journal â€Å"exercising during pregnancy decreases blood pressure, improves self-esteem, and decreases muscle soreness.† â€Å"Research also shows positive fetal responses to daily exercise by improving the baby’s tolerance to stress before and during labor, babies also tend to be more alert and readily self quieted.† (Martens, 2006) A daily exercise goal of walking, swimming or yoga for 20-30 minutes should be set. Avoid secondhand smoke, â€Å"living in a smoky environment is tied to asthma and breathing problems.†(Simons, 2014) â€Å"There have also been recent studies linking smoking while pregnant to increase risk of SID.† (Simons, 2014) If  you smoke or live with someone who does smoke there are smoking cessation programs to help you quit. Depressive symptoms occur in approximately 20% of pregnant women. Maternal health is the key to developing infant’s health. Pregnant women who are depressed have poor sleep habits, decreased appetite these things could result in preterm-birth or low birth weight. â€Å"More than 13% of women take antidepressants during pregnancy, but by doing this it could have a lasting impact on the developing fetus including birth defects, behavioral problems, and autism.†(Tjoa, 2010) More and more physicians and pregnant moms are looking toward non-pharmaceutical ways to treat depression during pregnancy. If you have depression you may seek cognitive behavioral therapy to reduce your symptoms. Postpartum Woman MEMO To: Postpartum Woman From: Mindy Donaldson Date: April 17, 2015 Re: Daily Activity List The daily activities in this memo are meant to help prevent any adjustment difficulties during the postpartum period. As in pregnancy regular physical activity is important during the post partum period, this not only helps with endurance levels and prevention of chronic illness. Physical activity can help to ward off postpartum depression. â€Å"Starting a low impact exercise routine 3-4 days a week should help you to obtain pre-pregnancy weight goals.† (Borodulin, 2009) A healthy diet during the postpartum period is very important for all new mothers. â€Å"Caloric intake should not fall below 1800 calories a day.† (Boyd, 2013) Inadequate caloric intake may increase postpartum fatigue, and have a negative impact on mood. â€Å"Post pregnancy dieting may be accompanied by significant decrease in bone mineral density.† (Boyd, 2013) Postpartum depression affects many women and interrupts their daily  activities and relationships. â€Å"The symptoms of postpartum depression usually begin within one month after childbirth, most commonly feeling depressed or losing interest in daily activities.† (What Is Postpartum Depression, 2014) Postpartum depression is treated with psychotherapy or antidepressants. References Borodulin, E. H. (2009). Physical Activitiy Patterns During Pregnancy Through Postpartum. Womens Health , 32. Boyd, K. (2013). Diet, Nutrition, and Exercise. ARHP . Martens, D. H. (2006). Physiological changes and effects on the mother and fetus. Strength and Conditioning Journal , 78-82. Simons, E. T. (2014). Maternal second-hand smoke exposure in pregnancy is associated with childhood asthma development. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology in Practice , 201-207. Tjoa, C. &. (2010). Unipolar depression during pregnancy: Nonpharmacologic treatment options. Women’s Health . What Is Postpartum Depression. (2014). Retrieved from Drugs.com.

Question 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Question 3 - Essay Example The frontal plane divides the human body into two halves, the front and the back. However, despite this division, the exercises involved consider side-to-side rather than front-to-back exercises. The exercises that involve the frontal plane are lateral dumbbell raises, side bends, side shuffling, lateral lunges and lateral band steps. These exercises are important in preparing the body for daily body movements. One should balance the frontal plane exercises for the upper, lower and core parts of the human body (Coulson, 2007). The transverse plane divides the human body into upper and lower halves, or top and bottom halves. It is involved in exercises that are done by twisting the body. The rotational movements move all or part of your body around the head-to-toe axis. Common exercises are rotating lunges, rotating chest presses, cable twists, rotating rows and medicine ball twists. The transverse exercises are very essential in preparing the body for movements in this plane. Including them in a regular exercising routine helps one avoid injuries that occur in this plane. These exercises are, however, not common in many workout routines. Overlooking them results in injuries such as ACL

Audit and Internal Control Issues Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Audit and Internal Control Issues - Coursework Example In the next section, the report identifies the tests of controls to be performed for obtaining sufficient appropriate audit evidence in relation to purchases made during a year. Lastly, the report discusses the substantive procedures, which are to be carried out for the purpose of obtaining reasonable assurance as to the reliability and correctness of the information pertaining to inventory in the financial statements of the company. A. Key Business Risks, Possible Consequences and Risk Mitigating Strategies Since the company is going through a declining phase as far as profitability and sales turnover is concerned, it is pertinent to consider areas which require management’s attention. The increase in the employee turnover rate and the fact that there are few experienced professionals left in the accounts department of the company pose significant risks in relation to the operations of the company and the preparation and presentation of financial statements which are free fro m material misstatements. Apart from this, the increase in competitors of the business also poses a significant threat in future. All these risks can act together to result in a risk related to going concern of the business. From an auditor’s professional skepticism point of view, these risks and developments can have serious implications on the financial reporting and internal controls maintained by the company, since there is a possibility that management may try to manage earnings and overstate the sales revenue and profits of the business. In addition to this, greater employee turnover reflects that there is a continuous inflow of new inexperienced employees who are expected to be less aware of the procedures and practices followed in the company. Moreover, the company’s automated purchase management system is also regarded by the employees as inefficient due to the complexities and lack of user friendliness and hence the transactions are often recorded manually in the system. This manual practice of recording transactions is another area where fraudulent activities may take place and intentional misstatements may be made by the personnel responsible for data entry. Moreover, there are only two persons in the organization who possess skills to operate the system. Lastly, the composition of the board is also an area of concern; there are different affiliations of board members and there is a risk that the members may have some conflict of interest which may promote unethical practices (Rittenberg, Johnstone and Gramling 2011). Keeping in view these risks and their possible consequences, the company can take several steps to mitigate these areas and overcome these loopholes. First of all, there shall be appropriate measures taken to ensure that employee turnover is brought down to a minimal level in order to ensure that experienced and professional staff members are working in the company and therefore the function of financial reporting, in pa rticular, runs smoothly. On the other hand, there should be a resolution passed for the disclosure of director’s interest in Sucre Delights Limited and other companies, so as to identify and counter any conflicts of interest. The automated system shall be made more user friendly so that the users are able to run the system easily and are inclined to use it. Moreover, the fact that there are only two

The Medieval Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Medieval Era - Essay Example The Medieval Era or the Middle Ages was characterized feudal system that mostly exalted Knights, Nobles, and Kings. The era mostly lasted between the 5th and the 15th century and was eventually replaced by the Renaissance or the Age of Discovery. During this period, there existed a division amongst Knights including a code of chivalry as noted in Charny’s book A Knight’s Own Book of Chivalry. It means chivalry was a moral, religious, and social code in the Middle Ages in defining a knightly conduct. Additionally, knights of that time had sore lives that depended on charity, justice and faith. Therefore, maintenance of high level of morality was a defining point of morals. However, from 1437 to 1449, Early Modern Period of the Medieval Era experienced certain fundamental changes that later shaped Europe extensively. For instance, the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg heralds a new era of publishing both news and literature in societal domain. The development equally expanded accessibility throughout Europe hence widening readership amongst the citizens. In 1442, the eruption of the Battle of Szeben results to the third victory orchestrated by Hungarian forces under the leadership of Janos Hunyadi. The war is against the Ottoman forces. Also known as the Battle of Sibiu or the Battle of Hermannstadt, the war claimed about 15-20, 000 Ottoman soldiers whiles the Hungarian side lost approximately 3-4,000 men. Unfortunately, the victory could not be translated in the Battle of the Iron that was fought close to the Danube (Newman 145). Another interesting development entails the Battle of Varna that resulted to victory for the Ottomans. Notably, it was a determining battle to reclaim the Crusade of Varna that resulted to the massive defeat of Hungarian-Polish forces and the ultimate death of their leader, Wladyslaw III. On that note, the timeline between 1300 and 1600

Poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 10

Poverty - Essay Example However, this definition lacks distinction because it does not include time and space. Living conditions that were considered normal twenty or thirty years ago might be defined as poor or belonging to poverty nowadays. In addition, a person considered poor in the United States or any other developed nation can belong to middle-class in a less developed nation. For these reasons, poverty needs to be redefined. Features like skin color, race and age can be characteristics of poverty in some countries. In addition, many governments and international institutions define poverty by classifying it in two forms, absolute and relative poverty. These differences and conditions increase the complexity of defining poverty. The current definition of poverty is superficial; all of the factors mentioned above have to be kept in mind to formulate a broader definition. Poverty is the state of one who lacks a usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions in a certain point in t ime, and space, race, and age play roles in defining it. Traditionally, a person is considered poor if they have less than a certain amount of dollars to spend on a daily basis. Later, this classification was given the name poverty line. Taylor explains that The World Bank determines the poverty line based on a person having only $1 to $2 to spend on necessities each day (Taylor 200). Individuals living anywhere close to or under this line are trapped in a life of destitute and neediness. In the United States, a country with millions of poor individuals, the poverty line is calculated differently. It is based on the amount of money needed to buy basic nutrition to survive. Silverstein clarifies, â€Å"The poverty threshold is based on a minimum adequate diet, the USDAs Thrifty Food Plan. In 2004, a family of four with two preschool children would have been allotted $13.93 per day to meet its nutrition needs. That same year the poverty

Management Theory and Environmental Forces Essay

Management Theory and Environmental Forces - Essay Example As the discussion highlights  in the 21st century organisational structure is based on the mutual interest of the various members, so that people work together in a coordinated manner. An organisation needs to work effectively and provide significant value to various stakeholders. The value based management approach is created through the vertical chain in an organisation. Moreover, an organisation needs to decide how much the value derives from the each different players of the chain. The evolution of the notion of the value based management in an organisation is implemented, as firms need to acquire various recourses during operational process.  This paper stresses that personal social connectivity within and outside an organisation   is advocated to enhance collaboration along with reducing the cost of coordination activities in order to ensure that operations are conducted effectively with related knowledge and interest. People in an organisation having a common interest du e to similarity in working procedure, area, and operational objectives will naturally assist in building a successful social network in an organisation. Thus, it is important for an organisation to provide the maximum value that it can provide to satisfy the stakeholders, which ultimately helps them to increase its wealth. Values are the health of any organisation and it is not only preferable, but also very much essential for its long term sustainability.

Cross Cultural Communication Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cross Cultural Communication Exam - Essay Example These shared traits, values and practices have been passed on from one generation to the next. These have all been developed from influences from their history, ancestors, environment and even geographical location. Thus, it can also be said that culture is an unconscious learning of a certain group’s inherent practices, and behaviors, and it forms the group’s identity that sets them apart from other cultures. In the context of one’s culture, one develops a worldview, value system, attitudes and beliefs common to the cultural group he comes from.2 Each culture has identified heroes, rituals, values and practices that represent who they are as a people. Heroes are people who have shown extraordinary virtues or skills that people want to emulate. People appreciate the heroes more when their culture is highlighted when the hero is given public recognition. Rituals are customs and traditions distinct to the cultural group. These are practiced in specific times such as special occasions. For example certain cultures perform certain rituals during religious holidays to honor their faith. Values are deeper concepts preferred by a cultural group such as the provision of utmost hospitality to guests or ascribing deep respect for elders. Practices are actions that sum up the cultural make-up of a group of people. For Muslims, for example, getting down on their knees to pray five times a day is a custom that reflects the people’s religious heroes, rituals, values and practices. The Oxford English Dictionary defines ethnocentrism as "regarding ones own race or ethnic group as of supreme importance"4. Although this is basically good because it promotes cultural identity, it may also breed arrogance and racism when it becomes amplified when the ethnocentric group is among other cultural groups. It then becomes a barrier in

Time Warner Inc. Essay Example for Free

Time Warner Inc. Essay Time Warner Inc. is one of the biggest media conglomerates in the world it is only behind Walt Disney and News Corporation. The main areas of activity are film making, publishing and TV broadcasting. Time Warner combines subsidiaries like Warner Bros., New Line Cinema, Turner Broadcasting, through the last the company runs on air popular channels CNN, TBC and TNT. Also paid channels HBO and Cinemax are ran by Time Warner. The company affects almost all areas of media business thereby covering a large part of the media market. All sort of media productions are being produced to satisfy customers of any age category, gender and interest, which lead to the expansion of the range in concernment of company’s products. In order to have competitive advantage over the rivals, the company is improving service and the quality through their free movie channels, video based cable and new marketing to increase the number of customers, and also they attracted a big number of customers by their broadband and telephone services. To come to the point, Time Warner Cable launched its VoIP telephone service that included voice over IP (VoIP) communications, subscription-based and on-demand video services, and high-speed Internet access, launching this service critical differentiation from the competitors took place in the company, by that taking a large share of customers which used the services of traditional phone companies. One of the brightest strategic examples that the company experienced is Internationalization, a couple years ago Time Warner entered the Asian market, China and India and had 2 different consequences. All attempts to develop its media resources in China were failed because of harsh censorship and too many restrictions, also the company faced with problem of piracy. Favorable environment in Indian market allowed the company to flourish. Their strong competitor Viacom Company has also entered the Indian market with success and become top rated in recent years, Mtv India of this company is broadcasted in more than 30 million houses. For me the next wise decision for the company was collaboration with Netflix Inc. Time Warner gave to this online service a license to broadcast the shows of CW network. There are 2 positive things in this collaboration the first is optimal way of monetizing money and the second is that nowadays more and more people prefer to use internet for watching different shows and news, so this will help to hold customers. Part 2 1) Internationalization strategy. Jeffrey Bewkes chef of the company is going to expand the business overseas. The aim is to capture foreign markets which have future perspectives. They have already spent enough money on acquisition foreign production companies in India and in Eastern Europe and both projects are successful. For Bewkes Germany is a start point for penetration other European countries, and the company realized 19 movies for German market last year. In this strategy Time Warner faced with strong competition with Viacom Company which has spread much in the foreign market the owner of Mtv, Paramount film studio and Comedy Central. Data was taken from http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/10_07/b4166060309334.htm 2) Mobile Strategy. As it is very popular nowadays to use mobile phones and tablets, Time Warner Cable decided to move their business to these devises. The company states that a half of their consumers, choose to order mobile services using their own devices. As a result mobile sales of the company have grown from 0% to 10% in 3 months. Also Viacom Company is now allowing Time Warner subscribers to see their shows on their devices that certainly will have a positive impact. Data was taken from http://www.mobilecommercedaily.com/time-warner-cable-exec-20pc-of-digital-sales-come-from-mobile 3) Pricing Strategy. Time Warner Cable introduced their new â€Å"tiered pricing strategy† their aim was that if a customer increases network usage their costs also go up, this tactics should reduce a bill for customers with lower usage The data was taken http://ajnyc.wordpress.com/2009/04/16/the-real-culprit-behind-timewarners-pricing-strategy/ Part 3 1) Proceed Internationalization Strategy – There are still many countries that are favorable to expand business in. For example Russia is a big beneficial market for media companies, people of this country tend to watch western shows but it is not always possible. The company’s competitor Viacom successfully launched Mtv Russia in the mid. 90’s that is an example of successful foreign media project in Russia. 2) Joint Venture- We know about collaboration of Time Warner with companies AOL and Netflix, The first project was failed. But Netflix is a favorable case, it is a chance of expanding company’s capabilities to sell their products in a virtual network. So they should deeply analyze markets of companies that will help them to increase media broadcasting in a wider range. 3) Diversify the content- I think that Time Warner one of the biggest media groups have a potential to diversify its content launching more competitive projects, I would suggest them to open some music channel, it is very popular at present and attracts a large audience all over the world. The simple thing about that, the modern music is easily accepted by any culture in our planet.

About Time Essay Example for Free

About Time Essay When introducing his book, author Adam Frank tells us that he is setting out to â€Å"unfold the grandest conception of the universe we human beings have been able to imagine and explore. At the same time embracing our most intimate and most personal experience of the world — the very frame of human life. † â€Å"This book is about time, both cosmic and human. † For those interested in the complex journey of humanity through the cosmos, Frank does not fail in his quest to unravel the unique web of ‘time’ into a thread of understandable science. That is if you can take a partially solved puzzle and write a book that connects the proverbial dots of known science and cultural anthropology with the partially understood theories of cosmology and related sciences. Mission accomplished by Frank. Upon first receiving this book, I was hopeful that Frank would present the material of thousands of years of science in a unique and interesting way; setting his writing apart from the hundreds of other astronomy books I’ve read. See more: Strategic Management Process Essay Frank, being a seasoned writer and astrophysics professor, did not disappoint. Frank takes you on a conversational journey, filled with real life examples, both personal and historical, to share his view of some of the most multifarious ideas being considered in our galaxy today. The first few chapters are a review of compound science related to our galaxy, but Frank quickly dives into a discussion of how culture has been affected by the world around it. From there Frank draws a picture from intricate ideas and theories of how society fits in the larger puzzle of cosmology. All while focusing on the measurement of time. If you are looking to take your perspective of cosmology to a new and deeper level, allow Adam Frank to steal some of your time and read his book â€Å"About Time†. Frank will surely have you viewing your society, history, and clock in a whole new perspective. Not to mention putting you on the forefront of scientific theories and cultural progress being considered in the world of cosmology.

Effective and Environmentally Safe Household Cleaner

Effective and Environmentally Safe Household Cleaner Introduction Cleaning products are an essential part of maintaining any home or workplace. However, many of the well-known household cleaners contain chemicals that can harm the environment. This is a main reason as to why a consumer’s choice upon choosing a cleaning product should rely on the safety of not only humans but the environment as well. For example, cleaning products that contain Volatile organic compounds can affect indoor air quality as well as contribute to the formation of smog in outdoor air (EPA, 2010). Therefore, an experiment has been conducted to accurately determine which cleaner-vinegar, Comet, All Purpose, baking soda, or a mixture of vinegar and baking soda- is the most environmentally safe and the most efficient. The end result should display the mix of Vinegar and Baking Soda as being the most environmentally safe and efficient household cleaning product. Method To begin the experiment, draw two lines on each tile (five tiles total) 10 centimeters long. Label each line as either a 1 or 2 on each tile to distinguish the trials. (Note: each line will be used for separate trials.) Also, label each tile as the name of the cleaner being used. Then, measure 10 milliliters of vinegar using a graduated cylinder. Depending on paper towels available, fold as needed to where it does not rip or bleed through while scrubbing. Next, pour the vinegar from the graduated cylinder slowly onto the line marked as trial 1. Scrub the stain that has vinegar on it vigorously using the paper towels. Same person scrubbing the vinegar will do so for the rest of the products and trials. Start the stopwatch once the scrubbing begins and stop as soon as the mark is completely removed. Record results immediately after the stain is erased and clearly state any observations obtained. Repeat this procedure for both Comet and All Purpose cleaners. However, a different method must be taken when removing the stain with a baking soda and water solution. In a plastic cup mix two scoops of baking soda with 30 milliliters of water. Measure 10 milliliters of that solution into a graduated cylinder. Pour the solution onto the tile labeled trial 1. Scrub vigorously using paper towels as needed. Record observations and the amount of time it takes to remove crayon stain. Repeat the procedure with baking soda and water except replace the water with vinegar. It will now be a baking soda and vinegar solution. Finally, record observations and time taken to remove the crayon mark. Repeat all procedures for each solution an additional time but instead using the mark labeled as trial 2. Make sure to record all data and observations after each crayon mark is thoroughly removed from the tile. Results Observations were made immediately following each trial. For instance, vinegar was clear and watery. It had a sour scent and was not messy. Unlike vinegar, baking soda was messy, milky, and gritty. Comet was a thick, green, slimy, and bleach-smelling product. Like baking soda, Comet was also messy. All Purpose, however, was not messy and had a bleach stench. It was also watery and made bubbles once the scrubbing began. Vinegar and baking soda mixture was milky, gritty, and made a reaction when mixed together. Conclusion In conclusion, this experiment was successful in displaying which cleaning product was the most efficient, while being environmentally safe. In this experiment there were four specific cleaning products that were experimented. The hypothesis is supported by the data that was obtained; the combination of vinegar and baking soda is the most efficient in removing a crayon stain. Moreover, as well as being the most efficient, vinegar and baking soda is the most environmentally safe. The data that was concluded from each product are as follows. The first cleaning product tested was vinegar and was found to be inefficient time wise, taking over 3 minutes to remove the stain. Vinegar has an ingredient of acetic acid. If acetic acid is released into the environment it will either evaporate or natural waters will neutralize the solution into acetate salts, either of which are not harmful (Iowa State University, 2001). The next product tested was Comet. It was found to be inefficient, but on a verage was the second to fastest in removing the stain, taking only over a minute compared to vinegar’s 3 minutes. Comet contains fragrance, surfactant, sodium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorite, water, and cleaning agent. Of the ingredients, sodium hypochlorite was found to be the most harmful because it is a toxic chemical. Although sodium hypochlorite is only entered in the environment by a spill or misuse, overexposure can result in harm to aquatic wildlife such as freshwater fish (SDA, 1997). Another product tested was Great Value All Purpose Cleaner. All Purpose took almost as much time as Vinegar to remove the stain, making it inefficient as well. Like Comet, All Purpose contained 2% sodium hypochlorite; therefore, they have similar effects on the environment, both of which are harmful to aquatic wildlife if overexposed. An additional product tested was baking soda. The data for baking soda in the first trial of the experiment can be classified as inconclusive as a result of the baking soda sinking to the bottom of the cup when mixed with water. However, when conducting the second trial the time made an enormous decrease, taking a little over 30 seconds to remove the crayon mark. Baking soda is made up of sodium bicarbonate. Sodium bicarbonate occurs in nature. Therefore, further studies indicate that under normal conditions and use of sodium bicarbonate there are no harmful effects pertaining to plant life and the environment. In fact, research studies show that sodium bicarbonate improves sewage treatment by effectively using pH and enhancing anaerobic digestion of solids (Arm and Hammer, 2012). The final cleaning product tested was a mixture of vinegar and baking soda. This mixture was concluded to be the most efficient in time, taking less than 20 seconds to remove the crayon mark in both trials 1 and 2. Due to this mixture of acetic vinegar and basic baking soda, the resulting solution is a neutral substance- carbon dioxide- that is not harmful to the environment. Ultimately, as previously stated, the hypothesis was supported by this experiment; vinegar and baking soda mixed is the most effective and environmentally safe product. The cost of both vinegar and baking soda is not the cheapest, being a little over 3 dollars, but the effectiveness and safety override that factor. An error recorded for this experiment is that the lines drawn onto the tiles were too thick, making it harder to scrub off with the cleaning product which may have altered the overall data for that trial. Furthermore, the tiles itself had different textures which could have had an overall effect on the amount of time taken to remove the crayon stain. Works Cited Arm and Hammer. (2012). Product Safety Summary. Retrieved from http://www.ahperformance.com/media/files/Product-Safety-Summary_SBC_Final.pdf Iowa State University. (2001). Material Safety Data Sheet Acetic Acid, Glacial. Retrieved from http://avogadro.chem.iastate.edu/MSDS/acglac.htm The Soap and Detergent Association. (1997). Sodium Hypochlorite. Retrieved from http://www.aciscience.org/docs/sodium_hypochlorite.pdf U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2010). Greening Your Purchase of Cleaning Products: A Guide For Federal Purchaser. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/epp/pubs/cleaning.htm

Effective Foreshadowing in King Lear :: King Lear essays

Effective Foreshadowing in King Lear    The first scene of a play usually sets up the basic themes and situations that the remainder will work with. In Shakespeare’s play King Lear, the very first scene presents many of the play's basic themes and images. The recurrent imagery of human senses and of "nothing," the distortion of familial and social ties, the gradual dissolution of Lear's kingship, all make their first appearances in the first lines of Shakespeare's play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Much of the imagery in King Lear's first scene presages what is to come in the play. Often characters refer to senses, particularly sight, whether as a comment on the necessity of sensing consequences before acting (as Lear does not), or as yet another of Shakespeare's comments (most apparent in Hamlet) on "seeming." The destruction of Gloucester's eyes and his subsequent musings ("I stumbled when I saw" (IV.i.19) etc.) are a more graphical presentation of this basic theme which originally appears in Lear's first scene. Goneril declares Lear is "dearer than eyesight" (I.i.56) to her (though she is the one who later suggests putting Gloucester's eyes out for his "treachery"). Regan goes further, proclaiming "I profess / Myself an enemy to all other joys / Which the most precious square of sense possesses" (I.i. 72-74). Crossed in his wrath by Kent, Lear cries "Out of my sight!" (I.i.157), only to be reproved with Kent's "See better, Lear, a nd let me still remain / The true blank of thine eye." (I.i.158-9).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lear's dialogue with Cordelia on "nothing" introduces yet another theme in the play's imagery, echoing, among other scenes, some of his later conversations with the Fool (I.iv.130 "Can you make no use of nothing, nuncle?") and others. Indeed, King Lear is, in many ways, about "nothing." Regan and Goneril seem to offer much in the beginning, but after whittling down the number of Lear's knights, they leave him with nothing, and in the end their "natural" affection comes to nothing as well. Lear is progressively brought to nothing, stripped of everything -- kingdom, knights, dignity, sanity, clothes, his last loving daughter, and finally life itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the main signals of the growing chaos of Lear's world is the distortion of familial and social ties. King Lear exiles his favorite daughter, Cordelia, for a trifling offense, and those daughters he does favor soon turn against him.

Capital Punishment Essay -- essays research papers

Capital Punishment Many positions can be defended when debating the issue of capital punishment. In Jonathan Glover's essay "Executions," he maintains that there are three views that a person may have in regard to capital punishment: the retributivist, the absolutist, and the utilitarian. Although Glover recognizes that both statistical and intuitive evidence cannot validate the benefits of capital punishment, he can be considered a utilitarian because he believes that social usefulness is the only way to justify it. Martin Perlmutter on the other hand, maintains the retributivist view of capital punishment, which states that a murderer deserves to be punished because of a conscious decision to break the law with knowledge of the consequences. He even goes as far to claim that just as a winner of a contest has a right to a prize, a murderer has a right to be executed. Despite the fact that retributivism is not a position that I maintain, I agree with Perlmutter in his claim that social u tility cannot be used to settle the debate about capital punishment. At the same time, I do not believe that retributivism justifies the death penalty either. In Martin Perlmutter's essay "Desert and Capital Punishment," he attempts to illustrate that social utility is a poor method of evaluating the legitimacy of it. Perlmutter claims that a punishment must be "backward looking," meaning that it is based on a past wrongdoing. A utilitarian justification of capital punishment strays from the definition of the term "punishment" because it is "forward looking." An argument for social utility maintains that the death penalty should result in a greater good and the consequences must outweigh the harm, thereby increasing overall happiness in the world. Perlmutter recognizes the three potential benefits of a punishment as the rehabilitation of an offender, protection for other possible victims, and deterring other people from committing the same crime. The death penalty however, obviously does not rehabilitate a victim nor does it do a better job at protecting other potential victims than life impriso nment. Since a punishment must inflict harm on an individual, deterrence is the only argument that utilitarians can use to defend the death penalty. The question then ari... ...able to murder someone because twelve rational people in a courtroom decided that it should be so? By the same token, a murderer can claim that their victim had violated their rights and did not deserve to live. Obviously that cannot be rationalized in any manner. No matter from what perspective it is viewed, capital punishment is murdering another human being. Even if a law is broken and the person has made the world a worse place to live, killing someone else can never be justified, especially by measuring its social utility. The world would be a better place if many people did not exist, but it would not be legitimate to exterminate everyone who does not increase the happiness in the world. Social utility cannot justify the existence of capital punishment, nor can it be used as rationale to reject it. Retributivism fails as well because the death penalty may be regarded as cruel and unusual punishment. Absolutism seems to be the only school of thought that cannot be logically dismantled. No evidence exists that would demonstrate the benefits of capital punishment and statistically the only thing that is accomplished is another death in society.

Bloom’s Research and Response

Bloom's Research and Response Bloom's Research and Response Benjamin Bloom developed Bloom’s Taxonomy of Education in 1956. It is a teaching system developed to classify learning objectives and skills (Larkin & Burton, 2008). Lori Anderson and David Krathwohl revised the original publication- Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational objectives and also added new knowledge and ideas to the original material. This is the handbook in use by educators today. The Educational objectives that Bloom developed he categorized into three domains: Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor.Each domain has its own set of specific expectations. Bloom broke down his taxonomy into different levels of complexity. They are arraigned in a hierarchy from less to more complex. When teaching, the educator will use the levels so that mastery of the first level is necessary by the learner before the next level can be achieved. The Cognitive Domain focuses on knowledge and developing the skills of comprehens ion, it also uses critical thinking skills. There are six levels of complexity in this Domain: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation.The Affective Domain focuses on how the learner deals with emotions and with his ability to feel empathy for others. Bloom broke down this domain into five levels: Receiving (awareness), Responding (active participation in the learning process), Valuing, Organization, and Internalizing (values held that influence a behavior so it becomes a characteristic). The third domain, the Psychomotor Domain was not broken down into subcategories by Bloom but by Simpson in 1972. The Psychomotor Domain focuses on the ability to manipulate an object physically.This domain has seven levels: Perception, Set (readiness to act), Guided Response, Mechanism, Complex Overt Response (the ability to perform without hesitation), Adaptation, and Origination. When used, Bloom’s Taxonomy will provide the educator with a measurable way to assess the level of comprehension of the taught information by the learner (â€Å"Big Dog and Little Dog’s Performance Juxtaposition,† 2010). Nurses can use Bloom’s teaching method in educating patients with chronic diseases. First the nurse must assess the patient for level of understanding and readiness to learn.The nurse uses the Cognitive Domain to teach the patient about his specific disease and to facilitate understanding of all concepts associated with the disease and its treatments. In following the hierarchy the nurse would start with the simplest information and ideas and increase the complexity of the information after the patient has exhibited comprehension of the previously taught material. Using the Affective Domain the nurse helps the patient deal with his emotions related to his diagnosis and to attach a value to it.Once a patient has processed the information given to him, realizes the importance of managing his care and placing a value on it s importance, he is ready to use the psychomotor domain. The educator uses the Psychomotor domain to teach the skills portion of education. Diabetics need to learn how to use blood glucose testing equipment; patients may need to learn how to self-catheterize these are just two examples of skills that nurses teach that fall under this domain. There are many areas of education a nurse teaches daily.One of which is the information given to patients with chronic diseases in order for them to achieve or maintain self-sufficiency. Bloom’s teaching method gives those patients the best chance at mastering the necessary information and skills needed to live day-to-day with a chronic illness. References Big Dog and Little Dog’s Performance Juxtaposition. (2010). Retrieved from http://www. nwlink. com/~donclark/hrd/bloom. html Larkin, B. G. , & Burton, K. J. (2008, September). Evaluating a Case Study Using Bloom’s Taxonomy of Education. AORN Journal, 88(3), 390-402

Difference Between Personal and Professional Ethics

. What is your perception of personal ethics Vs professional ethics? If different, can you explain the difference? A brief definition of personal ethics according to me would be an individual's belief about morality or conscience . It defines our stand on what is right or wrong. This branch of ethics gradually develops since our childhood and tend to emulate the things which are set as an moral value to us by our parents or guardians in the family. It can heavily be influenced from any major incident in our life. Again I believe every individual may have its own definition of code of personal ethics. It can overlap at times or it may conflict with one another as well e. g a vegetarian may find eating non veg food as a crime. Personal ethics can influence all different areas of life such as family,finances,religion or relationship. Here the individual has the liberty and the freedom to choose his/her own set of rules if his concience conflict with that of the sorrounding's. Professional ethics defines adherence to rules and regulation . Here the individual is expected to follow religiously, the code of ethics framed by the organization . It can be heavily influenced by the culture of the organization but it cannot change as frequently as the personal ethics. There may be at times where our personal ethics can conflict with our professional one ,for instance, when a judge enforces a death sentence on a criminal as per our law even if he is personally against death penalty. So by setting out expected behaviour in the form of professional ethics,professionals try to uphold a good reputation. On the other hand,professionals are also expected to be honest and respect the code of ethics by not getting involved in any conflict of interest. A conflict of situation may occur if an individual tries to achieve personal goal while at profession which ultimately leads to corruption. Coming across various range of people in personal and professional life , I generally find people carrying the same attitude in both sphere of life. In short ,there is definitely a line between personal and professional ethics,but that line to me is very thin and fine

The Best Death Ever

The Best Death Ever – Niall Griffiths By Christian Steenfeldt, 3. U Children cannot differentiate between what is fun and what is serious. In the short story â€Å"The Best Death Ever† by Niall Griffiths four boys are playing a game where they have to fake a death. The boy whoever fakes the best death wins the game. The four boys do not understand what they are doing and see the game, The Best Death Ever, as a fun game. Until one moment, when one of the boys misjudges the distance to ground and almost hang himself meanwhile his friends where shooting at him with their toy guns.The story is narrated by a first person narrator who looks back at a specific incidence. The narrator technique is very post modernistic. Niall Griffiths uses a lot of humor which makes the story fun to read. For instance, when the boys are shooting with their toy guns they make these funny noises. Niall Griffiths also uses the boys non existing knowledge about death to make the readers laugh â₠¬Å"– That was rubbish! Yer meant ter die, not just fall over like a fart. Since when have did you see anyone die like that? (Page 94 line 1-2) Niall Griffiths takes a serious subject like death and turns it funny by saying Mick fell like a fart. The slang that is used also makes the atmosphere more relaxed. Niall Griffiths also points out a child’s innocence. â€Å"Soft lad. How can you hurt yerself if yer dead? † (Page 94 line 7) For the children it is simple logic, because why should Mick not be able to fall properly, if he is dead? Irony is also well used. The title of the story is â€Å"The Best Death Ever† and it is the same name as the game the four boys play. The irony occurs because when Gavin tries to make the best death ever, he almost dies trying.Another significant post modernistic is the open ending because it leaves the reader confused. The story is also a fix point of the narrator’s life, where he is very nostalgic. It takes place in the yard of the narrator’s house in Netherley, Liverpool. The setting does not really matter, but as often in post modernistic stories it is in an urban environment. The story is a flashback of roughly 45-60 minutes of his life. The narrator looks back at that special episode of his life and he turns all nostalgic. The boys are strongly inspired by war movies and war stories told by the elderlies.The narrator has received a toy gun from his granddad. He knows a lot about it because of his big interest in war. As almost every other boy, they play games with guns and death involved. The problem is not that the boys play war, but that they cannot differentiate between where the fun stops. In this game Gavin almost killed himself, but it was not on purpose. A problem is, when the mom notices Gavin, she immediately saves him. Then she slaps the narrator. By slapping the narrator she punishes him for something that he does not know is wrong. Related essay: â€Å"Realism and Expressionism in Death of a Salesman†The narrator is angry, because they have to award Gavin the price of the best death. â€Å"I would shock and shake them all with the violence of my going. But we never played the game again. † Because his mother hit him and did not tell him what they did wrong, he does not understand consequences. Therefore he still wants to win the game next time and he wants to put even more violence in than Gavin did. Luckily they never played the game again, because nobody knows what would have happened then. This story is a perfect example to show that taking extra care of your children is highly necessary.If you do not teach your kid what is dangerous and what is not, it will have serious consequences. As in this story, the boys cannot see what they have done wrong and therefore they continue their games. The narrator has no intentions to stop he even wants to surpass the other boys by doing more dangerous stunt s. The parents must teach their children what is wrong and what is not. They shall not slap the children if they do not hurt someone like in the story, but instead tell them what they did wrong because the children cannot differentiate between right and wrong.FOKUSPUNKTER3g – EN LF For at fa mere ud af jeres afleveringer/mine rettelser og kommentarer skal I sammen med n? ste store aflevering aflevere denne seddel hvorpa I anforer hvilke fokuspunkter I har fokuseret pa i denne essayopgave. I skal basere jeres fokuspunkter pa mine kommentarer fra den foregaende store aflevering. Der skal fokuseres pa min. Et punkt (gerne flere) i bade indhold og sprog. INDHOLD: Fra sidste aflevering: 1. Overfortolkning 2. Mere indhold 3. SPROG: Fra sidste aflevering: 1. pr? positioner 2. ingen udeladelse 3.

Lm317 Adjustable Voltage Regulator

Research about LM317 Positive Adjustable Linear Voltage Regulator: The LM317T is a 3-terminal integrated circuit which can supply a load current of up to 1. 5 Amps with an output voltage of between 1. 2V and 37 Volts. It accepts an input voltage of between 3 and 40 volts. It can be used to regulate either current or voltage in situations where a fixed current or fixed voltage is required. The level of current or voltage required can be adjusted by connecting the chip in series with a fixed resistor and a potentiometer. The LM317 is also a popular variable voltage regulator.It was invented by Robert C. Dobkin and Robert J. Widlar in 1970 while they worked at National Semiconductor. Furthermore, both line and load regulation is better than standard fixed regulators. In addition to having higher performance than fixed regulators, this device includes on-chip current limiting, thermal overload protection, and safe operating-area protection. All overload protection remains fully functiona l, even if the adjust terminal is disconnected. The LM317 is versatile in its applications, including uses in programmable output regulation and local on-card regulation.Or, by connecting a fixed resistor between the adjust and output terminals, the LM317 can function as a precision current regulator. An optional output capacitor can be added to improve transient response. The adjust terminal can be bypassed to achieve very high ripple-rejection ratios, which are difficult to achieve with standard three-terminal regulators. LM317 Adjustable Voltage Regulator pin configuration. LM317 Adjustable Voltage Regulator Internal Block Diagram Operation of the LM317 Adjustable Voltage Regulator: A constant 1. 5V reference voltage (VREF) produces a constant current (IREF) through R1 regardless of the value of R2. IREF = VREF / R1 In operation, the LM317 develops a nominal 1. 25V reference voltage, VREF, between the output and adjustment terminal. The reference voltage is impressed across the r esistor R1 and, since the voltage is constant, a constant current I1 then flow through the output set resistor R2, giving an output voltage of: VOUT = VREF (1+ R2/R1) + IADJ R2 (The IADJ is typically a 50 Â µA; it is negligible in most applications and the input voltage should be 2-3V higher than with its output voltage. Application Information: NOTES: A. Ci is not required, but is recommended, particularly if the regulator is not in close proximity to the power-supply filter capacitors. A 0. 1-? F disc or 1-? F tantalum provides sufficient bypassing for most applications, especially when adjustment and output capacitors are used. B. CO improves transient response, but is not needed for stability. C. The Output Voltage (Because IAdj typically is 50 ? A, it is negligible in most applications. ) D. CADJ is used to improve ripple rejection; it prevents amplification of the ripple as the output voltage is adjusted higher.If CADJ is used, it is best to include protection diodes. E. If t he input is shorted to ground during a fault condition, protection diodes provide measures to prevent the possibility of external capacitors discharging through low-impedance paths in the IC. By providing low-impedance discharge paths for CO and CADJ, respectively, D1 and D2 prevent the capacitors from discharging into the output of the regulator. Schematic Diagram: Solving for IREF: IREF = VREF / R1 IREF = 1. 25V / 10000? IREF = 125mA Solving for VOUT(MIN) and VOUT(MAX):VOUT (MIN)/(MAX) = VREF (1+ R2/R1) + IADJ R2 VOUT(MIN) = 1. 25V (1+ 0? /10000? ) + 0. 000050A * 0? VOUT(MIN) = 1. 25V VOUT(MAX) = 1. 25V (1+ 50000? /10000? ) + 0. 000050A * 50000? VOUT(MAX) = 10V (Therefore, the minimum input voltage that in order to supply its maximum output voltage is 12V. ) List of Components: Name| Type| Symbol| Material| Description| LM317 (IC) | Adjustable Linear Voltage Regulator| | | It is an adjustable three-terminal positive voltage regulator capable of supplying more than 1. 5A over an ou tput-voltage range of 1. 5 V to 37 V. | Potentiometer| Variable Resistor| | | Informally, a pot, in electronics technology is a component, a three-terminal resistor with a sliding contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat. | Ceramic Capacitor| Unpolarized| | | It is a two-terminal non-polar device that is constructed of alternating layers of metal and ceramic, with the ceramic material acting as the dielectric. | Name| Type| Symbol| Material| Description|Electrolytic capacitor| Polarized| | | Formerly known as condenser, is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field. | Resistor| Carbon Film| | | It is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals. | Diode| Rectifier| | | It is a two-terminal electronic components that allow current to flow in only one direction, from an anode (+) to a cathode (-), and that convert AC to DC. Component Layout: PCB Design Layout: Conclusion: I observed that the output voltage of the regulator (LM317) is depend on the R1 and R2 because when the R2 is set to minimum output resistance, the output voltage decrease to its minimum value that is equal to the voltage reference (VREF) while it is set to the maximum resistance, its output voltage will increase and it will reach its maximum output voltage that it can supply. As I said, that the output voltage can control and set it to the value that you desired or enough to supply a load or a circuit.

Australian Indigenous People

The argument of Peter Sutton (2001, 13) that the problem of the Aboriginal People arises from a mix of complex factors that are ancient cultural and social and various external forces has been rightly argued. If we observe the history of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander there disadvantage began with them being disposed of their land and then being displaced. The losses of their autonomy, racial discrimination, and poverty’s intergenerational effects have further fuelled their disadvantages (Aboriginal economy & society: Australia at the threshold of colonisation, 2005). There are more often than not various prejudices that have been faced by the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people when they try to rent the home, get services in banks and shops, find a job and do the most common things which every other Australian takes for granted. There are casual relationships that exist with each disadvantage that interrelates to another disadvantage. For example, without their being adequate facilities for studying at home, even with the encouragement from parents, learning would not be an easy task. Education similarly would be difficult for children who are suffering from middle ear troubles or a hearing loss or are malnourished (Macoun, 2011). Health is affected due to there being poor sanitation and housing that is not appropriate. There is often tertiary education which is required for progression to middles and senior positions. Being unemployed and poor lower statistically the self-esteem and increases death, illness and the likelihood of their being imprisonment and arrest, just as poor health effects employability and limits achievement in education.   There has been great suffering that the indigenous people have suffered in the past. It can well be stated that the problems that are faced by the Australian Indigenous people arise today from a complex combination together of the current which, which the time post-conquest, and external impact from factors that are historical, with there being a relevant number of pre-existing ancient, cultural and social factors (Austlii.edu.au, 2016). In Peter Sutton's article, the focus has in general been laid upon only violent conflicts however, these factors do trickle down to various disadvantages that are being faced by the indigenous people today (Sutton, 2001). There are various people for whom the proposition that the disadvantages to the Indigenous people have been caused by factors that are external only, such as colonization, is a fiction that continues to sustain. The defense for this sustaining fiction is that it is not possible for the masses to understand the subtlety that is there behind the truth and it is towards simplistic that they are more inclined towards (Austlii.edu.au, 2016). There has been on the contrary a silence relatively on the complexity of the casual factor, and there has been no acknowledgment of the same. In his 2001 academic paper Peter Sutton’s argument that the violence level and depravity require examining together the various complex factors as mentioned above. His argument is ended with shifts that are significant in the economy and culture of the Aboriginal people. Paul Toohey in his article Peter Sutton has been openly quoted and the differential treatment of the Aboriginal communities and the Aboriginal liberation politics wisdom (Ryan, 2010). The Aboriginal people in the 1960s asserted their right to freedom to vote, movement, accessing of social security at least the minimum level, consumption of alcohol and various other such freedoms. The achievement that resulted has helped close the gap that exists between the status of the Aboriginal as determined by the administrative and legislative action at both State and Commonwealth level on the one hand and citizenship rights on the other hand. This translated into practice as the discriminatory practices' removal by whic h the participation of the Aboriginal people were restricted in the white Australian's civic life (The Politics of Suffering: Indigenous Australia and the end of the liberal consensus, 2010). To take up on the point of Sutton on coming together of various factors that are cultural, there was no or little deep-seated recognition of a difference of values or culture during the liberation politics' mobilization. The distinct cultures and value of the Aboriginal Australia may be marketed by the white Australia in pursuit of national symbolism and gains economically, however, with respect to administrative and political policies, the values of the Aboriginal are considered to be common with that of all the Australians. The gains of the Aboriginal from politics of liberation include them being able to access the white citizenship, internal and institutional assimilationist of practices and policies, incorporatist models. In short being the opportunity to be in the white Australian's lifestyle. Aboriginal economy & society: Australia at the threshold of colonisation. (2005).  Choice Reviews Online, 42(05), pp.42-2891-42-2891. Austlii.edu.au. (2016).  Overcoming Disadvantage. [online] Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/orgs/car/overcoming_disadvantage/pg3.htm [Accessed 4 Aug. 2016]. Macoun, A. (2011). Aboriginality and the Northern Territory Intervention.  Australian Journal of Political Science, 46(3), pp.519-534. Ryan, L. (2010). Rewriting Aboriginal history.  History Australia, 7(3), pp.70.1-70.2. Sutton, P. (2001). The politics of suffering: Indigenous policy in Australia since the 1970s.Anthropological Forum, 11(2), pp.125-173. The Politics of Suffering: Indigenous Australia and the end of the liberal consensus. (2010).  Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 34(5), pp.535-536.

Child and Adolescent Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Child and Adolescent Psychology - Essay Example The infancy period is of no exception to this rule. First of all, it is important to dispel any claim that the infancy period or the first year of child development is insignificant and it won’t make any difference at such a young age just because a baby, such as in the case of Tyree, will be sleeping most of the time anyway. In Erikson’s theory of psychosocial analysis, the first stage of development focuses on the experiences of an infant in the culmination of what Erikson would term as Trust versus Mistrust. According to Santrock, this stage is characterized by a sense of trust that requires â€Å"a feeling of physical comfort and a minimal amount of fear and apprehension about the future† and thus â€Å"trust in infancy sets the stage for a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place to live in† (2004). In relation to the physical needs of an infant, it is widely recognized that proximodistal principle growth and development follow from the center of the body outward. â€Å"During infancy and early childhood, the limbs continue to grow faster than the hands and feet† and thus â€Å"children first develop the ability to use their upper arms and legs† (Papalia et al., 2007). With this kept in mind, it is best to choose Child Care A which have a lot of tunnels for crawling and resting. More tunnels mean more opportunities for exercise and as such this environment will be more conducive for Tyree’s gross and fine motor coordination and skills. In relation to the cognitive needs of an infant, the cognitive ability to perceive and handle information is being influenced by the surroundings of an infant and this largely relates to their future intelligence. â€Å"Much information-processing research with infants is based on habituation, a type of learning in which repeated or continuous exposure to a stimulus reduces attention to that stimulus† and â€Å"As infants habituate, they transform the novel into the

Chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chemistry - Essay Example In this conformation there is no steric strain and no torsional strain. Due to the migration of electrons towards the more electronegative nucleus in a bond between two different elements the molecules become polarized. In larger molecules a number of poles form and this causes some parts of the molecule to attract and some to repel each other. In the butane molecule both ends of the molecule are rotating around the C-C bond and take different configurations (these are constantly changing. Steric strain is caused by the crowding together of groups – as explained above the groups are forced to approach each other till they touch, but because of their similar polarity they are under forces of repulsion also. This leads to the molecule possessing extra potential energy, this energy is called steric strain. a. In 1870, Markonikov laid down a basic principle of chemistry that holds till today. The Markonikov Rule states that when a hydrogen halide (Hydrochloric acid, HCl being an example) reacts with an asymmetrically substituted alkene the hydrogen attaches itself to the carbon atom that has the larger number of its hydrogen atoms substituted. The halogen automatically attaches itself to the carbon atom having the least number of its hydrogens substituted. An example of such an addition reaction: b. Enantiomers are two molecules of the same chemical that are the mirror image of each other, like our hands, they are similar but yet not the same and can not be superimposed on each other. Such molecules are called Enantiomers. They are not isomers and are not different from each other in any way except in their configuration. c. An Emperical formula gives the proportion of the constituent elements in the molecule but does not give the exact composition of the molecule. The empirical formula represents the mole fraction/ ratio of each element in the compound. For example the empirical formula may show that there is hydrogen and

Supreme Court Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Supreme Court - Assignment Example Relying on the letter of the amendments would therefore be retrogressive and be a threat to justice in the contemporary environment (Exploring Constitutional Conflicts, n.d.). Opinion that the constitution is an outline of regulations from which actual rules should be derived is another justification of the non-originalist perspective to interpretation of the constitution, is valid because of the diverse needs that cannot be outlined and provided for in a legal document, and validates non-originalist theory. Existence of minor variations in phenomena explains this (Schults, 2009). In addition, the legal system allows for independence in judicial decisions if facts of a case justify such independence. Applications of case laws, distinguishing precedents in particular and especially based on difference in facts to a case, explains the need for relativism in interpretation of laws. Based on this acceptable practice in the judicial system, and variation in facts on cases, it becomes a ne cessity for interpretation of the constitution to consider the changes (Antoine, 2008). Interpretation of the second amendment is actually a good example because the current environment, with security personnel, undermines needs for arms as provided for by the amendment. The position for a non-originalist perspective is therefore rational and reliant on contemporary facts. Exploring Constitutional Conflicts. (n.d.). Theories of constitutional interpretation. University of Missouri-Kansas City. Retrieved from:

Josephus, the jewish wars (c. 100CE) Term Paper

Josephus, the jewish wars (c. 100CE) - Term Paper Example Josephus and other Greek historians are not an exemption. An analysis of various classical historians literary works on the Jewish war McLaren in his book the† turbulent times† emphasizes on the need to differentiate between the Josephus narrative of his actual events, as well as the interpreting such events. According to him, he views Josephus bias life as the jest of his text instead of trying to know the extent of Judea turmoil in a more different way (Josephus and Whiston 12). Perhaps, by inquiring how Judea was run in the first century. The only way to ensure that happens is by establishing what led to its transformation from the stability to its downfall. All the same, it might be for a reason that the ideal method should actually be determined by the Jewish attitude in response to the Roman rule. For instance, being fully qualified is the only way to achieve the criteria for describing various incidents based on an individual. Some even insist that even if McLaren would appreciate that, his book end with such sentiments, it would still not be that negative (Mclaren 425). However, the positive side of his literary works is where he suggests that his case study calls for three main pillars that include the identification and isolation of the required investigation. In his view, there is a need to examine each incident based on the individual grounds. In light with this, he calls for assembling all pieces of relevant details regarding every incident that happened in Judea. As much as such issues have been raised, it is very evident too that, most of the valuable information is not only from the chronological events of the Josephus, but comes also from other sources such as the Philo, which has not been widely used in his book (McLaren 426). McLaren argues that, in order to appreciate the chronological events that took place in the Jewish war, it is necessary to keenly observe the long and short term causes of the war (Mclaren 425). He is also ve ry skeptical in regards to Josephus works as a historian as the Romans too had their own stories to say in their favor. That is the reasons why he has always attacked the Greeks for printing unreliable sources of references. According to the biblical times, the Jews came to significance due to the establishment of a Jewish center in Palestine. Josephus claims that judges were appointed from the Jews themselves. After a while, the Jews flourished giving them the best position to control the administration. This caused an alarm in the government, hence leading to the violence that erupted. Consequently, this led to the Jewish persecution in Damascus, a city that had a large population of Greeks. A total of 10,500 Jews were killed (McLaren 427). Furthermore, the Jews in Syria could not occupy prestigious positions in Arab countries. Jews are known for being notorious in surrendering to the Arabs. For four years, Syria was considered as the platform for the struggle between different ra ces, Jews being part of the struggle Josephus as a source of military history of the Jews war However, it is indispensable to note that, Josephus works is still accredited for, due to the support of the church leaders. This in itself tries to prove that the documents are reliable (Bloom 222). Despite this, there are still some doubts concerning the rebuilding of the Roman campaign in Judea. This is because he has employed the Greco-Roman records to prove some of his arguments (Bloom

Essentials of Life-Span Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Essentials of Life-Span Development - Essay Example The researcher will begin with the statement that he was born in Miami, Florida, and has lived most of his life there. His parents are still together and very supportive of him and his siblings. They have a close-knit, loving family relationship and depend on each other for emotional support. The researcher is the middle child of four siblings that include an older sister, and, a younger sister and brother. His younger brother is still in school, a junior; however his sisters and the author all graduated from the same high school, Pine High School. Researcher’s older sister is in nursing school at Delgado Community College; his younger sister and he also attend college there. The author’s temperament is easy going; he is extroverted and friendly. He feels that one of the main reasons for this is because his family is so close and supportive. It makes it easy to face the challenges of his life knowing that people are there for him. The researcher tries hard to stay healt hy by choosing healthy meals and taking time for exercise. As well he drinks water and does his best to get enough sleep. He avoids risky behaviors as much as possible. The author knows that as he proceeds through the life cycle, his strength and endurances will decline, therefore he wants to stay strong as long as possible so he tries to take care of his body and mind by choosing healthy behaviors. The author has many hobbies that are fulfilling to him. He enjoys shopping, eating and hanging out with his sisters and friends.  

New testament paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

New testament paper - Essay Example It will be shown that in Luke, Satan is given more dialogue and arguably, more emphasis with regard to a number of elements. Conversely, in Matthew, Jesus is provided with more dialogue, more personality, and thus, greater emphasis as a figure. By no means can it therefore said that Satan is more important, both are uniformly championing the realm of spirit against the realm of matter or material. Rather, the difference in emphasis will be examined in regard to the respective impact for the very significance of this duality or contrast. The difference of emphasis between Satan and Jesus, can be discerned at a number of junctures with regard to dialogue. Literally, one can quantify the amount of words provided by each and discern a measurable difference that represents a further distinction in emphasis. For instance, in line 4 both books articulate the idea that â€Å"Man shall not live on bread alone†, but Mathew adds: â€Å"but on every word that comes from the mouth of godà ¢â‚¬ (Mathew 4:4 and Luke 4). Further, in the line that follows the temptation presented to Jesus from Satan from the mountain top – that is, where he takes him to the top of the mountain and offers him everything in the earthly realm, Jesus is also given more dialogue. ... He is issuing a forceful command. Similarly, Jesus is actually â€Å"fasting† (Mathew 4:1) in Mathew whereas in Luke he merely â€Å"ate nothing† (Luke 4:1). There are religious overtones to fasting, whereas not eating does not carry the same weight. Jesus piety, reverence and humility finds greater emphasis with the idea of fasting especially when we consider what he says about it later: â€Å"When you fast, do not look somber as the hypocrites do, for they disfigure their faces to show others they are fasting† (Mathew 6:16). Fasting carries with it, connotations like sincere humility, and this emphasized in Mathew over and against Luke. As mentioned, the converse is true in Luke. That is, Satan is given more dialogue and more emphasis in a number of significant passages. Most notably, Satan's personality is more prominent in the line about taking Jesus to the mountain top. Consider the difference of emphasis in Luke: â€Å"I will give you all their authority a nd splendor; it has been given to me, and I can give it to anyone I want to. 7 If you worship me, it will all be yours.† (Luke 4:6-7). Not only is this a more flourished emphasis, the usage of personal pronouns is quite astounding for such a small passage or phrase. The usage of 'I' occurs three times, and the usage of 'me' occurs twice. This is quantitatively different than the emphasis in Mathew, but also qualitatively succinct too with regard to the impact. By emphasizing the individuality of the figure, Satan is isolated and made a more succinct figure. The duality between the kingdom of god and that of Satan becomes glaringly contrasted as a result. By contrast, in Mathew he merely asks Jesus to bow down and worship him. In Luke, his power is emphasized become of the articulation

The entrepreneurs as the need of the time for making a difference in Essay

The entrepreneurs as the need of the time for making a difference in the global business world - Essay Example This research will begin with the definition of entrepreneurship as the word which describes the true accomplishments of an entrepreneur. Over the years researchers have given several definitions for entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship according to many is a method which keeps evolving rather than being stagnant. Entrepreneurship can be related to personification of entrepreneurs and accommodates features such as novelty, systematisation, responsibility handling, resource allotment and finance acuity. The world has seen many entrepreneurial firms beginning their journey from scratch and rising to the top position. These firms have focussed on innovation and change in their process of doing business. Entrepreneurial firms are of umpteen numbers in the world but very few have reached the zenith. One such entrepreneurial firm is Virgin Group. Virgin Group of companies was founded by Richard Branson in the year 1970 as Virgin Mailing Order. Later, the company expanded to various sectors, which includes airlines, mobile phone, music label records, etc. At present the Virgin Group is a conglomerate of 400 companies. Virgin Group is referred to as the entrepreneurial firm of innovation and new thinking. It has considerably changed the old methods of doing business. It believes in freshness, something different and thinking out of the box to deliver a changed product, a better product, an innovative product to the large customer base. (Virgin, 2012). Entrepreneur An Entrepreneur is the architect who creates new opportunities through business process by presenting existing or recent product with a different attribute. Entrepreneurs are opportunist and courageously accept the risks prevailing in the entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs possess distinguishing characteristics which enables them to develop unique skills for accomplishing great success in the world of business (Finance in the classroom.org, 2004). Entrepreneurs are just not creative in developing new and innovativ e ideas but are much more than that. They are the torch bearers in the complex world of business with tremendous potential to accept challenges and provide the best solution. Further, entrepreneurs can be said to be the personality who possess certain qualities such as: a. Entrepreneurs analyse the needs and wants, and simultaneously solves the problems faced by the customers. b. Any opportunity is converted into the strength for the firm. c. Innovative ideas are laid down for the best business plan. d. Risks in expansion or new venture are analysed beforehand. e. Entrepreneurs never hold on to a single idea as change is the demand of time. f. Utilise the resources in the best possible way to succeed in the business ventures. g. Learns from the mistakes and failures to attain success in the near future. These qualities stand out as unique and distinctive approach of entrepreneurs in shaping the world and providing the best solution to the arising problems (Mvp.cfee.org, n.d). Entrep reneurs are the force behind the venturing of business. They give the business a new look, different form their counterparts and this is what makes them leaders. Virgin Group over the years has undergone a lot of modification and changes in its approach towards business objectives. It will be wrong not to mention its founder and owner Sir Richard Branson’s name as the success story of Virgin Group was written & executed by him. Richard Branson since the early stages of founding Virgin Group has had different approach unlike his

Someone who inspires me Essay Example for Free

Someone who inspires me Essay There are always the people in our lives that can be the heroes in many ways, but my life’s hero will always be my mom. She influences my life since I born until now and also sacrifice a lot in her lifetime to make my life and my sibling’s lives better. She love us unconditionally, I have become the person I am today because of her. I adore her very much, not just because she is my mom, also such an amazing person with a gold heart, my best friend for life, an advisor, kind, respectful and strong person. I am not her only children, I have a big sister and a little brother but I am my mom’s favorite children. My mom taught me how to be kind and loving but not to allow others to take my kindness for weakness, also to dream big and work hard to make those dreams a reality. Her life inspires me with confidence and great motivation on the road to success. Most of my mothers life is full of misfortunes and unexpected troubles. She lost her parents when she was 5 years old and has been raised with her aunt, she went through a lot I her childhood. However, the way that she faces with them resiliently and strongly makes her really become a hero of my life. I found that I am her favorite kid, when I was 5 old years, I begged her to take me to my Godmother, then she said; No, I don’t have time to take you there. I didn’t like her answer at all, and the next day I went to school, it was Friday but I didn’t come back home. I told my Godmother’s sister, who was 15 old years that my mom told me to go with you after class and to spend the weekend to your house. She could not think twice and she said, No problem, I will take you with me after class then. She took me with her and when our maid came to take me home after class, she could not find me. She went back home crying because she was scary and called my mom’s office to let her know what happened. My mom could not imagine that her daughter missing and she started crying and saying how she can’t live without me and took a day off right away and called for help from family members, friends and neighbors but nobody could find me, because my godmother never cross her mind that time. The worse part of her daughter been missing, my dad was out of country for job mission. The next day, my uncle announced me through the radio and my godmother that moment she was listening to a radio and found out that I lied to her sister and she took me back to my house. Seeing my mom crying was a pain for me, I cried deeply and apologized. She smiled at me and told me, I forgive you but do not do that again. She has a kindly heart to tolerate my mistakes, and she gives me endless love but asks for nothing in return. When I won the lottery (The green card)to come in United of states, I told my sister that I don’t want to leave my country because I don’t see myself living far from where my mom live. My sister told her, but I did not know that she did. That day I went to my friend’s house party and my mom came to pick me up. When mom was driving home, she saw me look incredibly down; I couldn’t imagine leaving everybody and everything, to me that was difficulty solution to make. She smiled at me and she said, Tomorrow depends on what you are doing today I pretended to be fine, and I said: I am ok, and she said: â€Å"It is a good opportunity for you, stop thinking a lot about leaving us. Everything is going to be alright. I promise! Once you get there just focus on school more than anything else and stay mom’s favorite daughter she encouraged me to be strong and to let God guide you. † That was amazing advices I got from her and when I feel down, her strength and power inspire me to overcome difficulties. I have promise myself to become a strong successful person as my mother wish.

Wireless Data Entry System Analysis

Wireless Data Entry System Analysis Grand Wine Limited is a dealer to supply various types of Wine through sales representatives around 400 independent wine and liquor store in the state. Through sales representatives they collect data and information about the requirement of delivery of Wines to the customers by shipment. Device which is able to store data or pass the data wireless to remote server is wireless data entry device. This is a very popular device in todays market for data entry system. In the market there are various wireless data entry devices available but we have to select such particular device which is affordable as well as can cover our task requirement. Since our sales representatives are suffering some problems with data transferring from client to our head office which is taking time and more effort, we are going to implement a wireless data entry system so that with out loosing time and loosing any data out representatives can contact to head office easily. For this process we require a remote server located in our head office and wireless data entry device for each representative so that they can connect to companys central database in Sydney. Sales representatives can collect data from various retailers in Sydney and pass the data to server in no time so that it saves time, eff ort, travelling cost as well. Through this process there is very less chance of data loss because data storage system by humans can create human errors but this system directly stores data in device as well as server. Sales representatives can double their work as they dont have to come back and through to store data and send sent it to central data base. In fact it will reduce cost by reducing faxing and phone call which can be benefited to company for long term. 1.2.2 Wireless data entry system and its function As we know the term wireless means with out use of wire, so wireless data entry system will utilize wireless technology to receive and send data from server. As per networking principle we will be using a remote server which will be located in the company central data base office Sydney. Each sales representative will be provided with each particular wireless data entry device to perform their task. We will be using a device called SPT 1800 as our wireless data entry device. SPT 1800 is a portable wireless device which uses palm operating system. It has got wireless WAN, Bluetooth and WWAN functions to connect to server. As it has barcode reader capacity also representatives can easily find the details of product by scanning and sending to server so it minimises the data loss or error. Being a portable device staffs can collect data in any place and any time and send it to main server in Sydney. 1.3 Justification- Wireless Data entry system and important features for Grand Wines Limited- The wireless data entry system implementation on Grand Wines Limited can be very beneficial in various aspects. When wires data entry system is used first thing is company can cut few staff that was doing processing of data to and fro by fax, email, and phone or by post. There will be no time delay to send data from representatives to company office do start the business. Company can save huge amount of money on use of fax and post as well. When wireless technology is implemented there is no more need to fax the data or email data or post data. In other hand the time frame of data transfer is also slow with current system thats why company is not able to do proper business. There is wastage of time between a representative send data to Company office and they again respond back. In fact when a store is running out of particular type of Wine today, the representative can collect data and send to Central office so it takes some time or day so that company gets order and place shipment of product. In this way company is delaying its delivery. But with wireless data entry system a representative can contact or send required data to Central database system so it takes no time to implement the work in time. So it seems more effective and profitable for Grand Wines Limited in overall view. 2. Business case study for Grand Wine Limited in wireless data entry system project- Grand Wine Limited has realised various demerits of recent data entry system which directly or indirectly caused loos to company. As the management of this company decided to change the recent data entry system with new market demand, they have planned to implement wireless data entry system in the company. 20 sales representatives, who are collecting various data like stock needed from various retailers, can send the data instantly to Sydney based head office so company can do delivery quicker. So company can go ahead with other business competitors as well increase their business more. 2.1 Business Objectives- For Grand Wine Limited the implementation of this wireless data entry system will ultimately leads to business growth and profit. This technology will decrease the delay time for the stock delivery to retailers so company can cope with market demand properly without loosing customers. 2.2 SWOT Analysis- 2.2.1 Strength: As the delay in delivery time will be reduced from company to retailers, this technology will directly increase the sales and make customer happy. All sales representatives can communicate to company for stock delivery, stock available and other important data in no time so it can save company other cost like faxing, telephone, etc using wireless technology. 2.2.2 Weakness- Use of wireless system may reduce the directly contact of sales representatives to Main Delivery Office like phone and fax which can be cause for some misunderstanding between deliveries. In the time of network error there might be problem for transferring data, which can lead to loss of some data as well as delay in delivery. 2.2.3 Opportunities- Implementation of this wireless system will save the time of sales representatives to go and through the received data in-order to send the data to Central Office for implementation. So that sales representatives can go and collect more data in same time and process the data to Company. And also Sales representatives can know when the stock is arriving or any further details needed to be collected which can save lots of time as well as money for like transportation and communication. They can process data 24/7 so there is very less chance to be delayed for stock delivery. 2.2.4 Threats- Company might need to hire a server supervisor which can increase company cost. As there is no physically contact between sales representatives between companies after implementing wireless system every data will be transferred by wireless technology, so there is more threats that data errors may occur like sales representative may order certain item by mistake but still company will send the delivery which may cost extra for company. 3. Project Charter- Project title- Wireless data entry system Start date of project-01/01/2011 Finish date of project-01/06/1011 Budget- Available budget for project is $100,000 Project Manager- Om Ghimire, 0401782576, [emailprotected] Objective of the project- Wireless data entry system and its use in Grand Wine Limited is to decrease the loss of time between sending and receiving data from sales representatives (who collect data from various retailers) to head supply office for the required shipment of the needed product on time. This application can be effective in the incensement of orders because there is high risk of loss of data or chances of human error in old data entry system. Delivery speed, accuracy of order, available stock including satisfaction of customer can be main objective and out come of the project. There is high necessity of coping with other emerging companies for Grand Wine Limited by increasing its capacity and ability with advancement of technology use. Success Measures- . Project completes with in 01/06/2011 . Project completes with given budget that is $100,000 . Stake holder of this project is satisfied at the end of project . Increment of sales of Grand Wine Limited by implementation of this system .customer satisfied Roles- Approach- .Surveying about the use of remote data entry system .Develop software to check if the some information in data entry is missing .Analyse the appropriate pay back period of Grand Wine Limited with reduced cost. .Train customer service staffs about the use of remote data entry system and device. Sign-off- In this all above stakeholders should sign in the respected part in the table. Comments- As a project manager I will allocate all the resource available according to need of project, so I will need all staffs working as my guidelines. Om Ghimire Part B- Scope Management 1.1 preliminary scope statements- Title of project- wireless data entry system Date: 01/01/2011 Prepared by: Om Ghimire, PM, 0401782576, [emailprotected] Justification of project- The wireless data entry system implementation project for Grand Wine Limited will save lots of money and time of the company. After completion of this project the company will definitely increase its income or sales because the sales representatives will be able to order the required stock in shortest amount of time for delivery. The budget of this project that is $100,000 has least time of pay back period. Requirements: 1. Server- For the implementation of this project, the remote server is required in head office for data storage and transfer. 2. Application- For the use of server we might require data entry software or application in our server as well as data entry devices. 3. Hardware- As hardware we will need some computers as well as wireless data entry devices. 4.Security- As wireless technology is with high risk about security system, we need some security mechanism to monitor our system as well as data 5.Ulternate power supply and back up or disaster recovery plan- Computerized data entry system needs continuous power supply, so we need a alternate power supply incase of power failure and we need back up of data in case of system failure. Project Deliverables Deliverables related to Project management- business case study, project charter, contract, scope statement, work breakdown structure, scheduling, budgeting, presentation of final project, report for project, report of lessons-learned, including any other resources or documents required for project management. Deliverables related to Product: like hardware, software, research and reports, etc 1. research or survey- research or survey can help to acknowledge the features and contents of project 2. Resources- All necessary information on use of wireless device and wireless data entry system should be available for stakeholders. 3. Testing: Before the launch of the system testing of the system will help to identify the problems and bugs reported to system. 4. Analysis of various wireless data entry devices available in the market. 5. Expenditure on products: Wireless data entry system should invest around its half of budget available to products like device, software, etc. Project Success- Wireless Data Entry system project for Grand Wine Limited will be considered a successful project if the project is completed with $100,000 and with in 6 month that is before 01/16/2011 with the minimum pay back period that is with in 2 years. In the mean time if the project goes little longer or with little more budget and still the project outcome is good (good payback period) the project will be considered a successful project.

A Study On Scottish Smoking Ban Social Policy Essay

A Study On Scottish Smoking Ban Social Policy Essay When it comes to health and social policy, governments have the difficult task of balancing the desires and rights of individuals with the desires and rights of society as a whole. This is particularly evident in the recent smoking legislation in the Scotland. Current literature and opinion has much focused on the effect of smoking bans on the hospitality industry, and the cost to society of tobacco-related illnesses. This literature review examines the social policy considerations of the recent ban on smoking proposed by the Scottish Executive and currently under consideration. This review first considers the smoking ban bill and an overview of smoking restriction issues. It then deals with one smoker in particular, examining the effect of the proposed legislation on the complex care issues of a middle-aged cancer patient, and the balance between her right to choose her actions, even if self-destructive, and the rights of others in the hospital where she resides. Smoking is undeniably destructive to the smoker, and the Scottish government is considering action to restrict its use. Among other things, the Scottish Smoking, Health and Social Care Bill will prohibit smoking in wholly enclosed public places (Scottish Parliament 12-2004). It faces final vote in 2005, with implementation, if it passes, scheduled for 2006. Objectives listed in the bill include preventing people, including children, from being exposed to the effects of passive smoking in certain public areas and safeguarding the health of the people of Scotland from the effects of tobacco smoke (Scottish Parliament 2-2005). There is also hope for changing public attitudes towards smoking, preventing Scots from beginning to smoke, and assisting those smokers who want to quit in breaking the habit Scottish Parliament 2-2005). Similar legislation has recently been implemented in Ireland, Norway, and parts of the US with great success (BBC 2004). According to Irish Medical Organisation p resident James Reilly, in the almost one year Ireland has banned smoking in public, cigarette sales have dropped sixteen percent, demonstrating that more Irish are quitting or reducing smoking (Salvage 2005, 36). The need to reduce the destruction caused by smoking, therefore, is not limited to Scotland. Countries around the world have begun to address the tobacco situation, with over forty ratifying the WHOs Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO 2004). The FCTC just went into effect in February 2005, establishes packaging and labelling guidelines, addresses tobacco advertising, provides for regulation to prevent second hand smoke, and tightens efforts on tobacco smuggling (WHO 2004, WHO 2003). The Scottish legislation replaces the less than effective Scottish Voluntary Charter on Smoking in Public Places. Implemented in May 2000, as of 2005 only 61% of hospitality establishments had some type of non-smoking provision, demonstrating the Charters inadequacies (Anon 2005). Bill ONeil, Scottish Secretary of the British Medical Association, supports the bill, contending that each year we continue to rely on these half-hearted measures, Scots continue to suffer from passive smoke-related illnesses and significant numbers die (BBC 2004). Smoking is a profoundly destructive health and social issue. The World Health Organisation (2005) lists tobacco as the second major cause of death in the world, affecting one in ten adults worldwide. Half the people who smoke today, that is about 650 million people, will eventually be killed by tobacco (WHO 2005). The government contends, smoking is the main avoidable cause of early death in Britain, killing more than 120,000 people a year, even publishing a White Paper titled Smoking Kills (Gardiner 2004, DOH 1998). Scotlands Chief Medical Officer, Mac Armstrong states nicotine is twice as addictive as cocaine and that it takes sixteen years off the average smokers life (Johnson 2004, 8). Tobacco is also destructive to non-smokers. Smoking and exposure to passive smoke are the fourth most common risk factor for disease of any kind worldwide (WHO 2004). This risk extends to those who choose to smoke, and those who are exposed to others cigarettes, regardless of choice. The Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health (2005) concludes that exposure to second hand smoke, also called environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), is a cause of lung cancer, heart disease, and asthma, and represents a substantial public health hazard. Jim Devine of Unison stated to continue to allow people to work in smoky environments is the 21st century equivalent of sending children up chimneys (BBC 2004). Studies find children regularly exposed to second hand cigarette smoke are more likely to develop asthma (Johnson 2004, 8). Mac Armstrong offers that due to passive smoking, between 1000 and 2000 lives are lost each year in Scotland (Johnson 2004, 8). Some smoking opponents question why it is legal at all, given its social cost and overall destructive impact on human life. Proponents of smoking argue that adequate ventilation would address much of the second hand smoke risk. However, workplaces with designated smoking areas have been shown to still expose smoke to workers (Leourardy and Kleiner 2000, 68). It also raises the question of who should pay for such ventilation. Tobacco already has staggering economic costs to society, typically claiming the lives of people at the ages when they are most productive and exponentially increasing health care costs (WHO 2005). The average smoker takes 25% more sick days than the average non-smoker (Johnson 2004, 8). These costs are passed on to all members of society, whether they choose to smoke or not, just like second hand smoke. Other typical arguments against smoking bans are economic. Tobacco companies and members of the Scottish Licensed Trade Association have argued that a full ban is unnecessary and not supported by the public (BBC 2004). Opponents of the smoking ban contend it will ruin business, cause unemployment, and take away peoples right to enjoy a cigarette with a drink in public (Johnson 2004, 8). Tobacco Manufacturers Association executive Tim Lord held that a study commissioned by the TMA showed 77% of Scots were opposed to a total smoking ban, particularly disfavouring the ban in clubs, pubs, and bars (BBC 2004). These results were not supported by independent studies, however. A policy memorandum produced for the Scottish Parliament found 70% of Scots in favour of smoking restrictions, with 59% of restaurant owners not expecting any negative impact from the legislation (Scottish Parliament 2-2004). More importantly, any economic impact of smoking restriction must be considered in light of t he tremendous cost of smoking to society. Not all opponents of smoking bans cite economic reasons. Salvage (2005, 36) contends, human rights and freedom of choice are two reasons put forward for [smoking] bans not going ahead. For example, opponents of bans cite the uproar of violation of human rights caused by the recent smoking ban in Liverpool. Health Minister Melanie Johnson stated the bill was incompatible with the Human Rights Act, because it extended smoking bans to private homes and prisons, required smokers to prove their innocence, effectively reversing the burden of proof, and extended the power of searches (Merrick 2005). MPs and peers ruled that it breached human rights laws, while a cross-party human rights committee found the smoking ban bill incompatible with the right to a private life, and possibly the right to a fair trail and the protection of property (Merrick 2005). These impositions on human rights, however, seem based on the bills reach beyond public places, and the manner with which that reach is exe cuted. It is unlikely that the legislation currently under consideration in Scotland will have similar flaws. Questions do arise of the National Health Services ability to enforce such legislation. Under the current bill, smoking policies would be enforced by environmental health officers, hired by local councils (Scottish Parliament 12-2004). It is questionable whether they will have the same effect as would police officers, particularly if trying to enforce no-smoking legislation in pubs and bars. As the patient considered here is confined to a hospital, enforcement is not an issue. Of greater concern regarding the National Health Service is whether it will be able to provide the necessary support for smokers who want to quit. Approximately one-third of smokers try to quit each year, but only three percent succeed (Lewis 2005). Kevin Lewis (2005), Clinical Director of Smoking Cessation of Shropshire, Telford, and Shrewsbury, believes, however, there is great potential for smoking cessation in primary care. If smoking bans are accomplish their objectives of reducing the number of smokers and amount they smoke, adequate resources must be available. The greatest success occurs when a motivated individual is provided with a combination of personal support and pharmacotherapy (nicotine replacement or bupropion), under the care of a trained medical professional, typically a nurse (Lewis 2005). As the government progresses with smoking legislation, preparation and funding for the NHS are imperative to the ultimate success of smoking restrictions. To provide some background on the specific case considered in this review, the female patient in reference is forty-three years of age. She began smoking at the age of fifteen, and smoked regularly throughout her life. This is not surprising, as 80% of smokers take up tobacco as children and teenagers (Johnson 2004, 8). The patient was diagnosed with lung cancer at the age of forty, which has progressed with some rapidity; her cancer is now inoperable, untreatable, and terminal. She has recently suffered loss of mobility, in addition to general physical degeneration. Due to these complications, the patient now requires a wheelchair to travel even short distances, including going outside the hospital. She is unable to navigate the wheelchair to the common area outside the facility without assistance. The patient, however, continues to smoke, and the recent ban will make her unable to smoke in her room or a designated indoor area of the hospital. In addition, hospital staff is not allo wed to assist her in going outside for smoking purposes, per hospital policy. She must therefore wait for visitors to take her out. There are several factors of prominence in this particular case study. First, while the government has some (albeit debated) responsibly to protect its citizens from themselves, there are no grounds for the need to guard this woman from the effects of smoking (Lambert and Dibsdall 2002). She has irrevocably made the decision to smoke, and bears the consequences. It is unlikely that quitting smoking now will have a pronounced difference on the time she has remaining or on her prognosis. The government therefore has no right for intervention to protect her from the harms of tobacco. The debate then emerges between her human rights to decide her own behaviour and receive adequate care, her responsibility to society, the rights of hospital staff, patients, and visitors regarding second-hand smoke, and the mandate of the hospital to act in the best interest of the patients health and well-being. Advanced societies recognise the right of every human being to make choices regarding his or her behaviour and life, to the point these choices negatively impact others (Perry 1985, 568). The patient, as a part of a larger society, has a responsibility to the members of her community. She is affected by legislation that could save others, and her government does have a responsibility to encourage its citizens to make wise decisions. Smoking is certainly not a wise decision, as even tobacco companies and smoking ban opponents acknowledge its addictive nature and potential for impaired health (Anon 2005; Black, McKie and Allen 2003, 69). The patient undoubtedly recognises this, as she is dying due greatly to her choice to smoke. Certain laws are passed not because they are required for everyone, but because they are needed by most (Perry 1985, 574). For example, many people would drive at excessive speeds from time to time were it not for speed limits. While there are a few that could probably do so without accident, most need speed guidelines to drive safely. The major difference with smoking is the effect of tobacco smoke on those in the general area. Second-hand smoke, as discussed previously, has been shown to be almost as deadly as actually smoking, and it is often beyond the control of the non-smoker to limit smoking in his or her vicinity. Those commonly cited in this argument are wait staff in clubs and bars, but the same would apply to hospital staff required to clean a designated smoking area or move patients in and out of it (Aung et al 2001, 283; Cuthbert and Nickson 1999, 33). These workers are then faced with either exposing themselves to a potential carcinogen or giving up their jobs (Aung et al 2001, 280). As the patients rights extend only to the point they impact others, the government is therefore within its bounds to restrict her smoking in enclosed areas of the hospital. The question then presents itself, does the patient have the right to continue her destructive behaviour, and what is the hospitals mandate to prevent her injurious choices? J. David Velleman (1999), in writing about his own bout with cancer, discusses the rights of smokers in society. Instead of focusing on second hand smoke as the effect of smoking on non-smokers, he considers the relationship between the individual and society. He sees himself as my sons father, my wifes husband, my parents son, my brothers brother (Velleman 1999, 606). However, he comes to the conclusion that a person has a right to make his own life shorter in order to make it better, if he so chooses and however he defines better. Social organisations, like governments or hospitals, only have the right to intervene when the individual is incapable of rational decision (Velleman 1999, 613). While the patient therefore has the right to smoke, she does not have the right to expect assistance from the hospital. A hospital, as a medical facility, has a corporate responsibility to its patients to promote their healthy living (BBC 2005). Hospitals would not be expected to provide candy machines for uncontrolled diabetics or allow suicidal patients to keep sharp objects. The hospital has a responsibility to promote health (BBC 2005). While this patient may not be more harmed by continuing to smoke, providing assistance or a smoking area for her would require the hospital to do the same for all its patients, thereby assisting many in smoking which would damage their health. The visible issue is her mobility; if she were able to go outside unassisted, her smoking choice would not be limited. It is the combination of her damaging desire to smoke and her degenerative condition that create the quandary. The most feasible solution is to ask the patient to provide her own assistance to and from the outdoor smoking area. Since she is choosing destructive behaviour that the hospital cannot support, she must find a way to accomplish such behaviour. The government and the hospital in the above instance have the right to impose smoking restrictions on the patient for the good of society as a whole. 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